See below for examples of commonly cited types of sources such as archival materials, audiovisual media (online videos), books, dissertations, scholarly journal articles, magazines & newspapers articles, and web pages, media & other electronic resources.
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day of Publication). Title of document or [Description] Source (elements of the source), Location as City, State, Country or where it is located.
Frank, L. K. (1935, February 4). [Letter to Robert M. Ogden] Rockefeller Archive Center (GEB Series 1.3, Box 371, Folder 3877), Tarrytown, NY, United States.
Last, F. M. (Date of Publication). Title of video [Video]. Name of Site. URL
YouTube Videos
Rutgers University. (2021, March 23). Discover Rutgers University [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/AaGU6corHJQ
Film or Movie
Provide the director in the author element of the reference, followed by the notation “(Director).” In APA 7, it is not required to list the producers. Provide the production company or companies in the source element of the reference. Separate multiple production companies with a semicolon.
Cameron, J. (Director). (1997). Titanic [Film]. Paramount Pictures.
Film or Movie in Another Language
If the original title of the work is a language different from that of the paper you are writing, provide a translation of the title in square brackets after the title and before the bracketed description and period.
Alfredson, T. (Director). (2008). Låt den rätte komma in[Let the right one in] [Film]. EFTI; Sveriges Television (SVT); Filmpool Nord; Sandrew Metronome; WAG; Fido Film; The Chimney Pot; Ljudligan.
Writer, W. W. (Writer), & Director, D. D. (Director). (Date of broadcast or copyright). Title of broadcast [Television broadcast or Television series]. In P. Producer (Producer). City, state of origin: Studio or distributor.
TV Series
Crane, D. & Kauffman, M. (Producers). (1994-2004). Friends [TV show]. Bright/Kauffman/Crane Productions; Warner Bros.
Episode of a TV Show
Martin, G.R.R. (Writer). & Kirk, B. (Director). (2011, May 1). Lord snow (Season 1, episode 3) [TV series episode]. In D. Benioff & D.B. Weiss (Producers), Game of thrones. HBO; Television 360; Grok! Studios; Generator Entertainment; Bighead Littlehead.
Song with an Associated Album, with Multiple Music Labels
Coldplay & BTS. (2021). My universe [Song]. On Music of the spheres. Parlophone; Atlantic.
Song without an Associated Album
BTS (featuring Megan Thee Stallion). (2021). Butter (Remix) [Song]. BigHit Music.
Song or Track Recorded by an Artist Other Than the Original Artist
Smith, A. (2015). I put a spell on you [Song]. On Nina revisited: A tribute to Nina Simone. Legacy.
Classical Song or Track
Beethoven, L. van. (2012). Symphony No. 3 in E-flat major [Song recorded by Staatskapelle Dresden]. On Beethoven: Complete symphonies. Brilliant Classics. (Original work published 1804)
Artwork in a Museum or on a Museum Website
van Gogh, V. (1889). The starry night [Painting]. The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, United States. https://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/vincent-van-gogh-the-starry-night-1889/
Art Exhibition
Design for eternity: Architectural models from the ancient Americas [Exhibition]. (2015-2016). The Met Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, United States. https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2015/design-for-eternity
Martinez, J. L., & Douar, F. (2018-2019). Archaeology goes graphic [Exhibition]. The Louvre, Paris, France. https://www.louvre.fr/en/expositions/archaeology-goes-graphic
Informational Museum Plaque
[Plaque with background information about American Gothic]. (n.d.). Art Institute Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
Author, A. A. (Year of Publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. (edition if numbered). Publisher. DOI if available
Books by One Author
Block, P. (2008). Community: The structure of belonging. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc.
Books by Two Authors
Wheatley, M., & Frieze, D. (2011). Walk out walk on: A learning journey into communities daring to live the future now. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc.
Books by Three or More Authors
Dean, A., Johnson, J., & Luhmann, S. (2019). Feminist praxis revisited: Critical reflections on university-community engagement. (1st ed.). Wilfred Laurier University Press.
Boggs, C. (2021). Fugitive Politics: The struggle for ecological sanity. Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003197461
An edited book is made up of chapters written by different authors. If you are citing only a single chapter from an edited work, follow the citation format for a book chapter.
Editor, E.E. (Ed.). (Year of Publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. (edition if numbered). Publisher. DOI if available
Kepner, S.F. (Ed.). (1996). The lioness in bloom: Modern Thai fiction about women. University of California Press.
Edited Book with a DOI
Domina, T., Gibbs, B. G., Nunn, L., & Penner, A. (Eds.). (2019). Education and society: An introduction to key issues in the sociology of education. University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvpb3wn0.
The examples below show how to format a citation for a chapter in an edited book, compilation, or anthology (i.e. a book with chapters written by different authors).
For a chapter in an authored book, create a reference for the entire book and provide the chapter number with the in-text citation only.
Author, B. B. (Year of Publication). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor & F. F. Editor (Eds.), Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (pp. pages of chapter). Publisher. DOI if available
Chapter in an Edited Book
Palmquist, S. R. (2015). Kant’s Lectures on Philosophical Theology–Training-Ground for the Moral Pedagogy of Religion? In R. R. Clewis (Ed.), Reading Kant’s lectures (pp. 365-390). De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110345339-031
Armstrong, D. (2019). Malory and character. In M. G. Leitch & C. J. Rushton (Eds.), A new companion to Malory (pp. 144-163). D. S. Brewer.
Author, A.A. (Year of Publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. (T. Translator, Trans.). Publisher. (Original work published year) DOI if available
Plato (1989). Symposium (A. Nehamas & P. Woodruff, Trans.). Hackett Publishing Company. (Original work published ca. 385-378 BCE)
Apostol, C. L. (2017). Dissident education: socially engaged art from Eastern Europe (1980-present) [Doctoral dissertation, Rutgers University-Graduate School-New Brunswick]. RUcore: Rutgers University Community Repository. https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/53081/
Kabir, J. M. (2016). Factors influencing customer satisfaction at a fast food hamburger chain: The relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty (Publication No. 10169573) [Doctoral dissertation, Wilmington University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year of Publication). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. https:doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy
Journal Article with a DOI
Rousseau, L. (2021). Interventions to dispel neuromyths in educational settings-a review. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(719692). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.719692
Journal Article without a DOI (use URL)
Furey, W. (2020). The stubborn myth of “learning styles”: State teacher-license prep materials peddle a debunked theory. Education Next, 20(3), 8-13. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A628405045/AONE?u=anon~e4e65c1f&sid=googleScholar&xid=f8ea0956
Magazines will follow the basic form for periodicals, but the date may include the month and day (the date of publication)
Jackson, M. (2022, February 28). When I Did Time, I Was—Technically, Legally, Constitutionally—a Slave. Esquire. https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a39252495/prison-slavery-13th-ammendment-essay/
Newspaper articles will follow the basic form for periodicals, but the date will include the month and day (the date of publication), and the page number may include the section letter
Newspaper Article from an Online Newspaper
If the newspaper article is from an online newspaper that has a URL that will resolve for readers, include the URL of the article at the end of the reference. If volume, issue, and/or page numbers for the article are missing, omit these elements from the reference.
Newspaper Article from a Print Version
If you used a print version of the newspaper article, provide the page or pages of the article after the newspaper title. Do not include the abbreviations “p.” or “pp.” before the page(s).
Newspaper Article from an Academic Research Database
If the newspaper article is from an academic research database, provide the title of the newspaper and any volume, issue, and/or page numbers that are available for the article. Do not include database information in the reference. If the article does not have volume, issue, or page numbers available, the reference in this case ends with the title of the newspaper.
Article from a News Website
Use this format for articles from news websites. Common examples are BBC News, BET News, Bloomberg, CNN, HuffPost, MSNBC, Reuters, Salon, and Vox. These sites do not have associated daily or weekly newspapers.
Webpage on a News Website
Refer to above "newspaper" section, or click HERE.
Webpage on a Government Agency Website
Webpage on an Organization's Website
Webpage with an Individual Author
Webpage with a Retrieval Date
When contents of a page are designed to change over time but are not archived, include a retrieval date in the reference.
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