Videos on the Arts

The car man 2003

This ballet uses the stirring and passionate music of Bizet's Carmen as the basis for a completely new and original tale. Set in the early 1960's, the dreams and passions of a small community are shattered by the arrival of a handsome stranger. Fuelled by heat and desire, the inhabitants are drawn into a spiral of greed, opportunism, sex and murder. 1 videodisc (87 min.)

MEDIA 10-3980

 

DV8 Physical Theatre 2007

Three modern dances created & performed by DV8 Physical Theatre. Dead dreams of monochrome men: Explores the grisly world of the notorious serial killer Dennis Nilsen. Founded upon the conviction that societal homophobia is bound to result in tragic consequences, it gets to grips with the disturbing forces that drove Nilsen to kill for company. Strange fish: Explores the nature of our quest for someone to love and someone, or something, to believe in. The tyranny of couples and groups, the pain of not belonging and the terror of being alone are all laid bare in a series of powerful images which are both pitiless and profoundly compassionate. Enter Achilles: Explores the male psyche, set in a typical British pub, a shabby, nicotine-stained bar. A jukebox plays, soccer is on the TV, and eight men enjoy their surroundings, pint glasses in hand. Their fun is balanced on a knife-edge of tension, for beneath the male bonding lurks an undercurrent of paranoia and insecurity, where weakness is brutally exploited and violence covers up vulnerability. 1 videodisc (154 min.)

MEDIA 10-4851

 

Keeping dance alive a portrait of the choreographer Mats Ek 2009?

Regina Heidecke, Reiner E Moritz, Veronika Hyks, Peter Marinker, Reiner Moritz Associates, and Insight Media (Firm)

Profiles the life and work of the Swedish choreographer, Mats Ek. 1 videodisc (59 min.)

MEDIA 10-1966

 

Matthew Bourne's Nutcracker! 2005

Follows Clara's journey from a bleak Christmas Eve at Dr. Dross' Orphanage, through a shimmering wonderland to the spectacular candy land of Sweetieland. Tchaikovsky's much-loved score and Olivier Award-winning designer Anthony Ward's stunning sets and costumes with sizzling choreography. Matthew Bourne's Nutcracker promises a fresh serving of the traditonal Christmas fare. 1 videodisc (ca. 88 min.)

MEDIA 10-4887

 

Matthew Bourne's Sleeping beauty Choreographer Matthew Bourne returns to the music of Tchaikovsky to complete the trio of the composer's ballet masterworks. Bourne sets the Christening of Aurora, the story's heroine, in the year of the ballet's first performance: the height of the Fin de siecle period when fairies, vampires, and decadent opulence fed the gothic imagination. Years later, awakening from her century-long slumber, Aurora finds herself in the modern day; a world more mysterious and wonderful than any fairy story. 1 videodisc (105 min.)

MEDIA 10-4886

 

The red shoes 1999

J. Arthur Rank, Michael Powell, Emeric Pressburger, Moira Shearer, Anton Walbrook, Marius Goring, Robert Helpmann, Albert Bassermann, Esmond Knight, Ludmila Tcherina, Leonide Massine, Thomas Beecham, and H. C Andersen

Intricately weaving backstage life with the thrill of performance, this film centers on the dilemma of a young ballerina torn between the composer who loves her and the impresario determined to fashion her into a great dancer. 1 videodisc (134 min.)

MEDIA 10-201

 

Swan lake 2010

Matthew Bourne's modern re-interpretation of Swan Lake, with an unhappy prince in a corrupt court, and a chorus of male swans. 1 videodisc (118 min.)

MEDIA 10-4888

 

Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater 1990

Alvin Ailey, Judith Jamison, Thomas Grimm, and Ulysses Dove

Members of the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater perform three works choreographed by Ailey and a ballet choreographed by Ulysses Dove as a tribute to Ailey who died in 1989.  Judith Jamison, artistic director of the company, introduces each piece. 1 videocassette (120 min.)

DOUGLASS 178

 

Alvin Ailey memories and visions 1974

Stan Lathan, Ellis B Haizlip, Alonzo Brown , WNET (Television station : New York, N.Y.), Phoenix/BFA Films & Video, and Educational Broadcasting Corporation

Presents selections from the major works of choreographer Alvin Ailey as performed by his City Center Dance Theater to background music ranging from modern blues to classical music to traditional spirituals. 1 videocassette (59 min.)

MEDIA D-32

 

American Ballet Theatre at the Met 1984

Brian Large, Michel Fokine, George Balanchine, Kenneth MacMillan, and John Lanchbery

1 videocassette (100 min.)

DANA 239

 

Antony Tudor 1992, 1985

Antony Tudor, Margaret Craske, Agnes De Mille, Nora Kaye, Martha Hill, Viola Aberlé, Gerd Andersson, Mĺns Reuterswärd, Jac Venza, Sallie Wilson , Airi Hynninen, and Martha Myers

Anthony Tudor revolutionized ballet by replacing princes and princesses with ordinary people who display universal human emotions.  In this documentary, Tudor speaks about his work, and so do Agnes de Mille, Nora Kaye, Sallie Wilson, Margaret Craske and Martha Hill.  Interspersed with their interviews are excerpts of Tudor classics such as Dark elegies, Pillar of fire and others. 1 videocassette (60 min.)

DOUGLASS 132

 

The Balanchine celebration 1996

George Balanchine, Robert MacNeil, and Peter Martins

2 videocassettes

MUSIC 346 pt.1

 

Les Ballet Trocadero HotLanta River expo ; Wonders of the world ; Pride LA 96 c2001

Lonnie Gordon, Crystal Waters, Manmade Multimedia, inc, and Go Boy Productions (Firm)

Les Ballet Trocadero: World famous all male ballet troupe, dressing room interviews and highlights of Swan Lake. HotLanta River expo: Hot circuit party with hot men from around the world, including Mr. Hotlanta. Wonders of the world: Live performances. Pride LA 96 : Highlights on the worlds largest Gay Pride celebration. 1 videocassette (61 min.)

MUSIC 507

 

Baryshnikov by Tharp with [the] American Ballet Theatre 1984

Twyla Tharp, Mikhail Baryshnikov, Don Mischer, Elaine Kudo, Deirdre Carberry, Susan Jaffe, Robert La Fosse, Cheryl Yeager, and Kenneth Schermerhorn

Three ballets choreographed by Twyla Tharp that tell no story but are full of vitality, daring, intelligence, and emotional depth that a great dancer possesses. Tharp's approach is personal, radical, and contemporary, and she combines this vision with the classical artist's regard for form and technique to bring the viewer a memorable record of one of the greatest dancers of our era--Mikhail Baryshnikov. 1 videocassette (60 min.)

DOUGLASS 116

 

Benjamin Britten 1992

Benjamin Britten

Coal face heroized miners, while Night mail heroized postal workers. Both films depicted industrial and communication activities that were central to Britain's role as an imperial power. Instruments of the orchestra and Steps of the ballet examine artistic, rather than industrial, practices. The latter shows Britten working on a ballet and concludes with its performance. 1 videocassette (80 min.)

MEDIA 2-1988

 

Bill T. Jones dancing to the promised land 1994

Bill T Jones, Arnie Zane, and Mischa Scorer

Describes the life, the work and the creative process of choreographer Bill T. Jones, focusing on his epic masterpiece Last supper at Uncle Tom's cabin/The promised land. Includes interviews with Bill T. Jones and with members of the company, as well as sceens of rehersals and stage performances. 1 videocassette (60 min.)

DOUGLASS 187

 

Cage/Cunningham a film 1991

Elliot Caplan, Merce Cunningham, and John Cage

"Cage/Cunningham documents the fifty year collaboration between two revolutionary artists, composer John Cage and choreographer Merce Cunningham....Filmmaker Eliot Caplan combines eight years of world tour footage, archival material dating back to the beginning of their careers and interviews with principal figures involved in the Cage/Cunningham collaboration."--Container. 1 videocassette (95 min.)

DOUGLASS 218

 

Cinderella 2000?, 1969

Antoinette Sibley, Anthony Dowell, Frederick Ashton, Robert Helpmann, Leslie Edwards, Georgina Parkinson, John Lanchbery, John Vernon, and Sergey Prokofiev

"The acclaimed historic performance of Cinderella from 1969 featuring the memorable cast of Anthony Dowell, Antoinette Sibley, Frederick Ashton and Robert Helpmann"--container box. 1 videodisc (103 min.)

MUSIC 19

 

CRWDSPCR 1996

Elliot Caplan

Features clips from the ballet, short interviews with participants (dancers, costume designer, composer); and choreography by Merce Cunningham. 1 videocassette (55 min.)

DOUGLASS 213

 

Dance on: Bonnie Bainbridge Cohen 200-?

Billie Mahoney, Bonnie Bainbridge Cohen, Sheree Turner, Insight Media (Firm), University of North Texas, and Dept. of Radio/Television/Film

Bonnie Bainbridge Cohen discusses her concept of body-mind centering, which postulates that inner body structures (cells, blood, organs as well as muscles and bones) affect body movement. She talks about her training, recalling Erick Hawkins and Irmgard Bartenieff as special mentors, and describing her work in hospitals as an occupational therapist. She discusses the aims and program of her School of Body-Mind Centering, founded in New York in 1973 and now located in Amherst, Mass. 1 videodisc (ca. 30 min.)

MUSIC 169

 

Dance on: Janet Hamburg 200-?

Billie Mahoney, Ann Kelly, Dance Films Association, and Insight Media (Firm)

Janet Hamburg, director of dance in the Dept. of Music and Dance at the University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kansas, looks back upon her childhood dance training and college education, which ultimately led to her study of Laban movement analysis. She discusses various aspects of this system, which grew out of the work of Rudolf Laban and Warren Lamb, and the related system of Bartenieff Fundamentals, developed by Irmgard Bartenieff. In conclusion, she describes her own application of Laban movement analysis to athletic training and movement work with children and the elderly. 1 videodisc (29 min.)

MUSIC 168

 

Dance on: Liljan Espenak 200-?

Billie Mahoney, William Hohauser, Video Workshop for Dance and Theater, and Insight Media (Firm)

Norwegian-born Liljan Espenak, a pioneer in dance therapy, recalls her dance training with Mary Wigman in Germany, where she observed the therapeutic effects of Rudolf von Laban's movement choirs. Her work as a dance teacher in the U.S. formed the basis of her research in dance therapy, which she supplemented with studies in psychotherapy under Alfred Adler. 1 videodisc (28 min.)

MUSIC 167

 

Dance preludes: Harry dance and other works by Senta Driver 2000?, c1986

Senta Driver, Dennis Diamond, Video D Studios, and Artworks Video (Firm)

Senta Driver discusses her company, Harry, and some of the features of her choreographic style. Includes segments of her works Video 5000, Missing persons, and Reaches. 1 videodisc (55 min.)

MUSIC 190

 

Dance Theatre of Harlem 1989

Agnes De Mille, Robert North, Lester Horton, Arthur Mitchell, and Thomas Grimm

Performance of four pieces.  The first tells the story of Lizzie Borden who was accused of murdering her father and stepmother.  The second is a satire of the machismo attitudes inherent in sports.  The third confronts the themes of violence and fanaticism in the relationship between a minister and his wife.  The fourth is the legendary folk hero's story which celebrates the strength of the human will. 1 videocassette (120 min.)

DANA. DOUGLASS 123 123

 

Dancing for Mr. B six Balanchine ballerinas 1995

Anne Belle, Deborah Dickson, George Balanchine, Marian Seldes, Maria Tallchief, Melissa Hayden, Mary Ellen Moylan, Allegra Kent, Merrill Ashley, and Darci Kistler

The great choreographer George Balanchine, who died in 1983, was renowned not only for his beautiful ballets, but also for his ballerinas.  This lovely documentary portrays six of Balanchine's celebrated American ballerinas and, through them, also illuminates the life of their mentor. 1 videocassette (94 min.)

DOUGLASS 188

 

Daniel Nagrin, dance soloist early works, 1948-1967 2006?

Daniel Nagrin and Insight Media (Firm)

Solo dances by Daniel Nagrin. "With my eye and with my hand" is a dedication to every man who has hesitated before one of the many thresholds of the unknown and finally crossed into darkness, either parishing or adding a bit more light and a bit more space for himself and others. "Man of action" states that the urban man, in order to survive, must solve the problem of being in two or more places at the same time. "Indeterminate figure" shows that our vanities seduce us into ideal images of what to be and to do with our floundering selves. Humans select sounds and sighs which support their illusions and try to ignore all else. 1 videodisc (47 min.)

MUSIC 165

 

Demystifying the man Louis Horst c1985

Celia Ipiotis, Jeffrey C Bush, Doris Rudko , Dorothy Bird, Marian Seldes, WNYC-TV (Television station : New York, N.Y.), ARC Videodance (Firm), and Arts Resources in Collaboration, Inc

Three dancers talk about Louis Horst, dancer/choreographer, who shaped modern dance in America. 1 videocassette (28 min.)

MUSIC 570

 

Denishawn the contributions of American dance pioneers Ruth St. Denis and Ted Shawn 1988

June MacLaren Reed and Paul Reed

Chronicles the unique era of modern dance inspired by Ruth St. Denis and Ted Shawn. Archival footage and modern reconstruction of several Denishawn dances are used to document the lives and work of the Denishawn founders. 1 videocassette (40 min.)

DOUGLASS. MEDIA 127 2-3551

 

Don Quixote 1999

Rudolf Nureyev, Robert Helpmann, L Minkus, John Lanchbery, Lucette Aldous, and Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra

Rudolf Nureyev and Lucette Aldous are young lovers whose romance flourishes with the assistance of Helpmann, who plays the title role. 1 videodisc (127 min.)

MUSIC 18

 

Donald McKayle 1993

Donald McKayle and Douglas Rosenberg

In this portrait of modern dance artist Donald McKayle, interviews in which McKayle discusses his career are interspersed with performances, film footage of the artist as he instructs students, and stories about his life in dance. 1 videocassette (62 min.)

DOUGLASS 167

 

Doris Humphrey technique its creative potential with four early dances 1992

Doris Humphrey and Ernestine Stodelle

The contributions to modern dance by Doris Humphrey, pioneer dancer, choreographer, and educator, are detailed to the viewer to help understand the Doris Humphrey style. Includes archival film footage. 1 videocassette (47 min.)

DOUGLASS 194

 

Erick Hawkin's America 1988, 1992

Alan Hovhaness, David Diamond, Erick Hawkins, Virgil Thomson, Lucia Dlugoszewski, Tom Clark, Sidney J Palmer, and Benjamin Dunlop

This is a documentary video about Erick Hawkins, a master modern choreographer and performer whose company has been performing works of extraordinary originality and beauty since 1951.  He speaks about the events in his life that were most influential--his childhood in Trinidad, Colorado, near both the Plains and Southwest Indians whose dances and beliefs were to have profound impact on his choreography; his education at Harvard where he began to develop philosophical ideas that emerged later as his aesthetic of the body moving beautifully and of dance as a metaphor for his existence. 1 videocassette (58 min.)

DOUGLASS 129

 

European Tanztheater 1997

Harold Bergsohn, Isa Partsch-Bergsohn, Kurt Jooss, and Pina Bausch

European dance theater comes alive through the works and voices of its creators and fascinating narrative about its originators. Archival footage and beautifully filmed and edited excerpts of current repertory demonstrate the forms and power of this genre. 1 videocassette (62 min.)

MUSIC 345

 

Four pioneers 1965

Martha Graham, Charles Weidman, Hanya Holm , Doris Humphrey, Jac Venza, Charles Dubin, Bo Goldman,  Alvin Epstein, and National Educational Television and Radio Center

Introduces four major choreographers--Martha Graham, Doris Humphrey, Charles Weidman, and Hanya Holt--who revolted against the conventions of ballet to produce American modern dance. 1 videocassette (ca. 30 min.)

MEDIA D-9

 

George Balanchine's relationship with music c1985

Celia Ipiotis, Jeffrey C Bush, George Perle, Robert Irving, Joseph Duell, David Bintley, WNYC-TV (Television station : New York, N.Y.), ARC Videodance (Firm), and Arts Resources in Collaboration, Inc

Balanchine's choreographic response to music is discussed by composer/author George Perle, Robert Irving, conductor of the New York City Ballet, and Joseph Duell, principal dancer with the New York City Ballet. Discussion centers around Balanchine's use of modern music, particularly his collaboration with Igor Stravinsky on the ballets Agon and Movements for piano and orchestra. David Bintley, of the Sadler's Wells Royal Ballet, discusses his interpretation of the title role of Fokin's Petrouchka. 1 videocassette (29 min.)

MUSIC 578

 

Hanya portrait of a dance pioneer : the story of dancer/choreographer Hanya Holm 1988, 1984

Hanya Holm, Julie Andrews, Alfred Drake, and John Ittelson

Traces the career of Hanya Holm from Germany in the 1920's to her success as a modern dancer in the United States.  As one of the famous "four pioneers" of modern dance, Hanya was a founding artist in establishing new forms and educational principles in America.  Introduced by Julie Andrews and narrated by Alfred Drake, this tape features archival footage from the 1930's and 1940's, and interviews with Holm and many of her students, including Murray Louis, Alvin Nikolais and Harold Lang. 1 videocassette (60 min.)

DOUGLASS 121

 

Hung se niang tzu chün ko ming hsian tai wu chü 199-?

Ch ang-ch ing Hung, Quingtang Liu, Jinghua Wu, and Ching-hua Hsüeh

A screen adaptation of the ballet performed by the company, Chung-kuo wu chü t`uan. Village girl runs away to join the Red Detatchment of Women Army. 1 videocassette (106 min.)

MEDIA 2-5206

 

Isadora Duncan dance technique and repertory 1995

Isadora Duncan, Julia Levien, Andrea Mantell-Seidel, and Tamme Irby

Includes excerpts from choreography by Isadora Duncan, as performed by Julia Levien in the company of Anna Duncan and Irma Duncan, and staged by Andrea Mantell-Seidel.  Includes a history of the Duncan dance schools. 1 videocassette (60 min.)

DANA. DOUGLASS 1851 189

 

Isadora Duncan movement from the soul 1988

Dayna Goldfine, Daniel Geller, Julie Harris, Madeleine Lytton, and Lori Belilove

In this documentary, the details of Isadora Duncan's tumultuous life and career are interwoven with recreations of twelve of her dances to provide a portrait of one of this century's most outspoken and intriging personalities. 1 videocassette (58 min.)

MEDIA 2-1379

 

Jose Limon three modern dance classics  1999

1 videocassette (65 min.)

MUSIC 339

 

Martha Graham the dancer revealed 1994

Claire Bloom, Dominique Lasseur, and Catherine A Tatge

A documentary of the life of the American dancer and choreographer, Martha Graham. 1 videocassette (60 min.)

DOUGLASS 191

 

The Men who danced Ted Shawn & his men dancers, 1933-1940 1986

Ron Hansa, Anne Weiner, Ted Shawn, and Richard Cragun

A documentary about Ted Shawn, often called the Father of modern dance, and about the first U.S. all-male dance company that he founded and directed in the 1930's. The film shows interview segments with eight of the original Shawn dancers meeting at a fifty year reunion. The interviews are interspersed with old photographs and archival footage taken in the early 1930's of Shawn and the men dancers at Jacobs Pillar dance theater, Berkshire, Mass., which began in 1933.  Dances shown: Polonaise (1933 and 1984), Labor Symphony, Olympiad, Shiva (1925, Ted Shawn), and The Dome. 1 videocassette  (30 min.)

DOUGLASS 117

 

Merce Cunningham a lifetime of dance  c2001

Charles Atlas, Sylvie Blum, Merce Cunningham, Joan Ross Acocella, Merce Cunningham Dance Company, Institut national de l'audiovisuel (France), WNET (Television station : New York, N.Y.), Sept/Arte (Firm), British Broadcasting Corporation, Fox Lorber CentreStage (Firm), and WinStar TV and Video (Firm)

This in-depth profile explores Cunningham's prolific career from his earliest successes to recent works such as Occasion Piece. Featuring new and archival performance footage, the film also includes exclusive interviews with dancers, collaborators and the master himself. 1 videodisc (ca. 90 min.)

  MUSIC 48

 

Molissa Fenley 1995

Molissa Fenley and Douglas Rosenberg

Molissa Fenley, Philip Glass, and RoseLee Goldberg discuss Fenkley's choreography and approach to the creative process. Includes footage of dances that were choreographed and performed by Fenley. 1 videocassette (60 min.)

DOUGLASS 172

 

Murray Louis in concert 1989

Murray Louis

This video tape documents Murray Louis's extraordinary career as a dance soloist, drawing on choreography from his first concert in 1953 to today.  Louis has carefully selected material to give viewers a wide range of his personal style, from comic to serious.  Includes new interviews with Louis about the evolution of his work.  None of this studio and live performance footage has been previously released on film or video. 1 videocassette (52 min.)

DOUGLASS 120

 

The nutcracker 1999?, 1987

Ekaterina Maksimova,  Vladimir Viktorovich Vasil ev, Viktor Livashev, Sergei Radchenko, IUrii Nikolaevich Grigorovich, Aleksandr Kopylov, and Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky

Based on Hoffman's fairy tale, "The Nutcracker and the mouse king," the beloved classical ballet takes place one Christmas Eve in a small 19th century Russian town. Marie's brother breaks the doll given to her by her Uncle Drosselmeyer. She falls asleep and has a wonderful dream about the nutcracker's coming to life. The ballet is performed. 1 videodisc (100 min.)

MUSIC 22

 

The Paul Taylor dance company 1998, 1977

Emile Ardolino, Charles Dubin, Paul Taylor, and Gene Galusha

Paul Taylor talks about his dance group and what he looks for in his dancers. 1 videocassette (58 min.)

MUSIC 340

 

The red shoes 1999

J. Arthur Rank, Michael Powell, Emeric Pressburger, Moira Shearer, Anton Walbrook, Marius Goring, Robert Helpmann, Albert Bassermann, Esmond Knight, Ludmila Tcherina, Leonide Massine, Thomas Beecham, and H. C Andersen

Intricately weaving backstage life with the thrill of performance, this film centers on the dilemma of a young ballerina torn between the composer who loves her and the impresario determined to fashion her into a great dancer. 1 videodisc (134 min.)

MEDIA 10-201

 

Riverdance the show 1996

Bill Whelan, Moya Doherty, John McColgan, Michael Flatley, Jean Butler, Maria Pagés, and Davy Spillane

Presents a live performance of Irish dance and music, with American, Spanish, and Russian performers as well. 1 videocassette (71 min.)

DOUGLASS 216

 

Sally Silvers 1995

Sally Silvers and Douglas Rosenberg

Sally Silvers talks about her choreography. Includes 4 excerpts from her solo and group work as well as a collaboration with filmmaker Henry Hills. 1 videocassette (60 min.)

DOUGLASS 171

 

Steve Paxton 1996

Steve Paxton, Douglas Rosenberg, Martha Myers, and Gerald Myers

An interview with modern dancer and choreographer Steve Paxton. 1 videocassette (77:46 min.)

DOUGLASS 214

Talley Beatty 1993

Talley Beatty and Douglas Rosenberg

A portrait of the modern dance artist and choreographer Talley Beatty, featuring an extended interview with Beatty, filmfootage of his preformances and of him instructing students, and stories about his life in dance. 1 videocassette (60 min.)

DOUGLASS 170

 

Trisha Brown 1996

Trisha Brown, Douglas Rosenberg, and Charles Reinhart

An interview with Trisha Brown, who has been hailed as one of the true great experimentalists in modern dance.  She began her career in New York City as a member of the Judson Dance Theater.  She formed her own company in 1971, and has received major commissions from foundations and festivals around the world. 1 videocassette (66 min.)

DOUGLASS 215

 

When the fire dances between the two poles Mary Wigman, 1886-1973 1991

Mary Wigman, Allegra Fuller Snyder, and Herta Glaz

Mary Wigman shares her thoughts on dance and what it has meant to her.  Several segments of her own dancing are shown, including her works "Shifting Landscape", "Storm Song" and the dance performed on the occasion of her last public appearance before retirement, "Farewell and Thanksgiving 1942".  Also includes vignettes of her demonstating various hand movements and several scenes of her teaching in her studio. 1 videocassette (41 min.)

DOUGLASS 125

 

The world of Alwin Nikolais 1996

Alwin Nikolais, Murray Louis, Alberto Del Saz, Simonetta Bucci, Karen Safrit, Stephanie Scopelitus, Donna Scro, Joelle van Sickle, Kay Andersen, Clarence Brooks , Eric Dunlap, and  Peter Kyle

A compilation drawn from five multi-media works choreographed by Alwin Nikolais.  Nikolais is also seen at work; An interview with modern dancer and choreographer Steve Paxton. 1 videocassette (50 min.)

DOUGLASS 220, 221